The title ‘ tsar’ (spelled also either as ‘czar’ or ‘tzar’) was not used exclusively by the rulers of Russia, but also by other Slavic monarchs, such as the ruler of the Bulgarian Empire. This title is derived from the Latin ‘ Caesar’, an imperial title that continued to be used by the Byzantines long after the division of the Roman Empire. In Medieval Russia, this title became ‘tsar’, and had a religious connotation attached to it. Although the title was used to refer to a supreme ruler, it referred specifically to the secular head of the Orthodox Christian world,